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Polish Grammar: Chapter I.
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i - ii - iii - iv - v - vi - vii - viii - ix - x - xi - xii - xiii - xiv - xv - xvi - xvii - xviii - xix - xx - xxi - xxii - xxiii - xxiv - xxv - xxvi - xxvii - xxviii - xxix - xxx - xxxi - xxxii - xxxiii - xxxiv - xxxv - xxxvi - xxxvii - xxxviii - xxxix - xl - xli - xlii - xliii - xliv - xlv - xlvi - xlvii - xlviii - xlix - l - li - lii - liii - liv - lv - lvi - lvii - lviii - lix - lx - lxi - lxii - lxiii - lxiv - lxv - lxvi-
Welcome to the Polish for English course!
These Tips
& Notes contain an overview of the concepts introduced in the skill.
Studying them will give you a better understanding of the way Polish language
works.
Nouns: Grammatical cases
Being an
inflected language, Polish has seven grammatical cases. Pronouns, nouns
and their accompanying adjectives take different forms that indicate their role
in the sentence.
Most of the
nouns you are going to encounter in this skill are in the Nominative case
(shortened as Nom.) This “basic” case is used when the noun is the
subject of the sentence – the entity that is doing something. A noun in the
Nominative does not have any special ending, as it is the most basic form of
the word.
Polish cases
are so essential that it is often impossible to form a simple phrase without
the use of cases other than the Nominative. Still, Polish people should still
be able to understand you even if you happen to use a word in the incorrect
case. Do not get discouraged and remember that practice makes perfect – the
more you interact with the language, the better your grammar will be.
In these
initial lessons you may sometimes stumble upon nouns in the Instrumental or
Accusative. For now, you should be able to form basic sentences with the help
of the hints attached to particular words. In the following skills we will
gradually introduce you to the rules governing Polish declension.
Verbs: Present tense
Polish verbs
have three basic tenses for indicating past, present and future. There
are some quirks to this, but we will deal with them much later. At first, you
will be only using present tense verb forms.
Polish verbs
conjugate – they take various forms depending on the person performing the
action. The first few skills will teach you the basic rules of Polish
conjugation.
Unlike in
English, there is no distinction between simple present and present
progressive verbs at the basic level (He drinks. vs. He is
drinking.). Both English variants are translated into Polish exactly the
same way (in this case: On pije.)
Articles
Polish does
not have any articles. Nonetheless, when translating from Polish, you have to remember to form
correct English sentences. It is not acceptable to skip articles if it results
in the English sentence being ungrammatical – “he is boy” is not going to be
accepted.
2. Milk and bread: mleko i chleb.
3. Jestem dzieczynką: I am a girl.
4. She is drinking water: Ona pije wodę.
5. Chleb: bread.
6. I am a man: Ja jestem mężczyzną.
7. Kobieta je jabłko: A woman eats the aplle.
8. I ama a boy: Jestem chłopakiem.
9. Ja piję mleko: I am drinking milk.
10. Ja jem jabłko: I am eating an apple.
11. Ona jest dziewczynką: She is a girl.
12. On pije wodę: He drinks water.
13. On jest chłopcem: He is a boy.
14. Jem chleb: I eat bread.
15. Ona jest kobietą: He is a woman.
16. Jestem dziewczynką.
17. She is a woman: Ona jest kobietą.
18. I am a man: Ja jestem mężczyzną.
19. I drink water and milk: Piję wodę i mleko.
20. I am eating an apple and bread: Jem jabłko i chleb.
21. Ja piję mleko: I am drinking milk.
1. jabłko.
2.a mleko.
2.b chleb.
PRACTICE
1. an apple: jabłko.2. Milk and bread: mleko i chleb.
3. Jestem dzieczynką: I am a girl.
4. She is drinking water: Ona pije wodę.
5. Chleb: bread.
6. I am a man: Ja jestem mężczyzną.
7. Kobieta je jabłko: A woman eats the aplle.
8. I ama a boy: Jestem chłopakiem.
9. Ja piję mleko: I am drinking milk.
10. Ja jem jabłko: I am eating an apple.
11. Ona jest dziewczynką: She is a girl.
12. On pije wodę: He drinks water.
13. On jest chłopcem: He is a boy.
14. Jem chleb: I eat bread.
15. Ona jest kobietą: He is a woman.
16. Jestem dziewczynką.
17. She is a woman: Ona jest kobietą.
18. I am a man: Ja jestem mężczyzną.
19. I drink water and milk: Piję wodę i mleko.
20. I am eating an apple and bread: Jem jabłko i chleb.
21. Ja piję mleko: I am drinking milk.
DECLINAZIONI
1. jabłko.
| Przypadek | Liczba pojedyncza | Liczba mnoga |
| Mianownik (kto? co?): | jabłko | jabłka |
| Dopełniacz (kogo? czego?): | jabłka | jabłek |
| Celownik (komu? czemu?): | jabłku | jabłkom |
| Biernik (kogo? co?): | jabłko | jabłka |
| Narzędnik (z kim? z czym?): | jabłkiem | jabłkami |
| Miejscownik (o kim? o czym?): | jabłku | jabłkach |
| Wołacz (hej!): | jabłko | jabłka |
2.a mleko.
| Przypadek | Liczba pojedyncza | Liczba mnoga |
| Mianownik (kto? co?): | mleko | mleka |
| Dopełniacz (kogo? czego?): | mleka | mlek |
| Celownik (komu? czemu?): | mleku | mlekom |
| Biernik (kogo? co?): | mleko | mleka |
| Narzędnik (z kim? z czym?): | mlekiem | mlekami |
| Miejscownik (o kim? o czym?): | mleku | mlekach |
| Wołacz (hej!): | mleko | mleka |
2.b chleb.
| Przypadek | Liczba pojedyncza | Liczba mnoga |
| Mianownik (kto? co?): | chleb | chleby |
| Dopełniacz (kogo? czego?): | chleba | chlebów |
| Celownik (komu? czemu?): | chlebowi | chlebom |
| Biernik (kogo? co?): | chleb | chleby |
| Narzędnik (z kim? z czym?): | chlebem | chlebami |
| Miejscownik (o kim? o czym?): | chlebie | chlebach |
| Wołacz (hej!): | chlebie | chleby |
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