D. Chapter II. ↔︎ Chapter IV.
Note that u and ó are used to represent exactly the same sound.
Note that some sounds are represented by a combination of two
letters. This is a purely orthographical matter – they are not “longer”
or “double” in any way.
ż and rz are used to represent exactly the same sound, the same goes for h and ch.
We have omitted some consonants here (b, d, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, z). Some of them are pronounced exactly as in English, while in case of the others the difference is rather minor – if you pronounce them like in English, your Polish should still be perfectly understandable.
These are very basic and simplified guidelines. There are still other things that you should learn if you want to fully understand why some words are pronounced the way they are, but we will focus on them at a later stage.
If these tables overwhelm you, remember that you will not encounter all of these right away. While making your way through the course, you will probably be able to slowly get accustomed to Polish letters and sounds. Feel free to come back here later if you have any doubts.
This
lesson does not introduce any new grammatical concepts, so let's use
this opportunity to have an overview of Polish letters and their
corresponding sounds.
Vowels
| letter | Polish example | English approximation | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | tak | cut | [a] |
| ą | mają | dome / on | [ɔw̃] / [ɔm] / [ɔn] |
| e | chleb | bed | [ɛ] |
| ę | mężczyzna | sense | [ɛw̃] / [ɛm] / [ɛn] / [ɛ] |
| i | oni | meet | [i] |
| o | mleko | pore | [ɔ] |
| u/ó | lubię/córka | boot | [u] |
| y | ty | roses | [ɨ] |
Consonants
| letter(s) | Polish example | English approximation | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| c | dziecko | cats | [ʦ] |
| ć | być | cheap | [ʨ] |
| cz | ciasteczka | chip | [t͡ʂ] / [ʧ] |
| dz | jedzenie | gods | [ʣ] |
| dź | niedźwiedź | jeans | [ʥ] |
| dż | dżem | jam | d͡ʐ] / [ʤ] |
| h/ch | hak/ch | loch | [x] |
| j | piję | yes | [j] |
| ł | chłopiec | will | [w] |
| ń | koń | onion | [ɲ] |
| ś | cześć | sheep | [ɕ] |
| sz | proszę | ship | [ʂ] / [ʃ] |
| w | mówi | vine | [v] |
| ź | mężczyźni | vision | [ʑ] |
| ż/rz | mężczyzna/dobrze | treasure | [ʐ] / [ʒ] |
ż and rz are used to represent exactly the same sound, the same goes for h and ch.
We have omitted some consonants here (b, d, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, z). Some of them are pronounced exactly as in English, while in case of the others the difference is rather minor – if you pronounce them like in English, your Polish should still be perfectly understandable.
These are very basic and simplified guidelines. There are still other things that you should learn if you want to fully understand why some words are pronounced the way they are, but we will focus on them at a later stage.
If these tables overwhelm you, remember that you will not encounter all of these right away. While making your way through the course, you will probably be able to slowly get accustomed to Polish letters and sounds. Feel free to come back here later if you have any doubts.
Vocabulary: Salutations and farewells
Dzień dobry is the greeting used mainly in formal situations. You say dzień dobry to greet your teacher, a bank clerk or any person you barely know. Literally, it means good day, but is more often translated as good morning or good afternoon.
Cześć is the usual greeting used in informal situations: between friends, co-workers etc. It is roughly equivalent to hello orhi, but is sometimes also used as a way of saying goodbye.
Do widzenia is the more formal way of saying goodbye. It is generally used in the same situations where you would use dzień dobry, so it is best translated as goodbye.
Pa or pa pa are less formal – roughly the same as bye and bye bye.
Dobranoc is reserved for saying goodbye just before you go to bed or generally in the evening – similarly to goodnight.
Cześć is the usual greeting used in informal situations: between friends, co-workers etc. It is roughly equivalent to hello orhi, but is sometimes also used as a way of saying goodbye.
Do widzenia is the more formal way of saying goodbye. It is generally used in the same situations where you would use dzień dobry, so it is best translated as goodbye.
Pa or pa pa are less formal – roughly the same as bye and bye bye.
Dobranoc is reserved for saying goodbye just before you go to bed or generally in the evening – similarly to goodnight.
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