↓B. Lesson 1. → Lesson 2.
LESSON 1.
Declinazione di woda, acqua.
Frasi:
1. I drink water and eat bread: piję wodę i jem chleb.
________________
↓Fonte.
Ja jestem dziewzynką: I am a girl.
She eats an apple: ona je jabłko.
A woman is eating: kobieta je.
A girl is eating: dziewczynka je.
Mężczyzna pije mleko i wodę: the man is drinking milk and water.
A boy is eating an apple: chłopiec je jabłko.
A man is eating an apple: człowiek je jabłko.
A woman is eating: kobieta je.
A girl is eating: dziewczynka je.
A man is eating an apple: mężcyzna je jabłko.
A woman is eating: kobieta je.
RIPASSO: 1 -
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GRAMMATICA: Tips and notes.
ESERCIZI:
1. a boy: chłopiec. - 2. Ja jestem mężczyzną. I am a man. - 3. Mężczyzna je jabłuko. A man is eating an apple. - 4. Dziewczynka je jabłko. A girl is eating an apple. - 4. On jest męeżczyzną. He is a man. - 5. Mężczyzna je jabłuko. A man is eating an apple. - 6. Ja jestem kobietą. I am a woman. - 7. Jestem mężczyzną. I am a man. - 8. Ja piję. I am drinking. - 9. Piję mleko. I am drinking milk. - 10. Ja piję mleko. I am drinking milk. - 11. Ja jestem kobietą. I am a woman. - 12. Ja jestem chłopcem. I am a boy. - 13. Ona jest dziewczynką. She is a girl. - 14. Jestem dziewczynką. I am a girl. - 15. The girl. Dziewczynka. - 16. On jest chłopcem. He is a boy. - 17. Jestem chłopcem. I am a boy. - 18. Ona jest kobietą. She is a woman. - 19. Chłopiec. A boy. - 20. Ja jestem chłopcem. I am a boy. - 21. a woman: kobieta. - 22. I drink water and eat bread. Piję wodę i jem chleb. - 23. a boy, chłopiec. - 24. I drink water and milk. Piję wodę i mleko. - 25. Ja piję. I am drinking. - 26. Ona piję wodę. She is drinking water. - 27. Chłopiec. A boy. - 28. On, he. - 29. Ona piję wodę. She drinks water. - 30. Kobieta je. The woman eats, a woman is eating. –
31. Ja jem jabłuko. I am eating an apple. - 32. Chłopiec. A boy. - 33. On, he. - 34. Ja piję. I drink. - 35. On je chleb. He eats bread. - 36. Milk and bread. Mleko i chleb. - 37. Kobieta je. A woman is eating. - 38. I am eating an apple. Jem jabłko. - 39. He is drinking milk. On pije mleko. - 40. On pije wodę: he drinks water. - 41. Ja jem: I eat. - 42. On jest: he is. - 43. Chleb: bread. - 44. Ja piję: I am drinking. - 45. Jem: I eat. - 46. Jestem mężczyzna: I am a man. - 47. Ona pije wodę: She is drinking water. - 48. On jest mężczyzną: he is a man. - 49. Piję wodę I jem chleb: I am drinking and eating bread. - 50. Dziewczynka: girl. - 51. Chłopiec: boy. - 52. Ona jest kobietą: she is a woman. -
A boy: chłopiec.
A gir lis eating an apple: Dziewczinka je jabłko.
Mleko i chleb: milk and bread.
I am a man: jestem mężczyzną.
I am drinking: piję.
On jest: he is.
Jestem mężczyzną: I am a man.
I drink water and eat bread: piję wodę i jem chleb.
Piję wodę I jem chleb: I am drinking and I am eating bread.
Mleko I chleb: milk and bread.
Ona: she.
On: He.
Mężczyzna: man.
Jabłko: apple.
I am a boy: Jestem chłopakiem.
Jestem dziewczynką: I am a girl.
Jestem kobietą: I am a woman.
On jest: he is.
Ona pije wodę: she is drinking water.
Ja jestem chłopcem: I am a boy.
Jabłko: the apple.
On: he.
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| Home. Fonetica. - Words. - Grammar. Fonti didattiche. - |
Declinazione di woda, acqua.
Frasi:
1. I drink water and eat bread: piję wodę i jem chleb.
| Przypadek | Liczba pojedyncza | Liczba mnoga |
| Mianownik (kto? co?): | woda | wody |
| Dopełniacz (kogo? czego?): | wody | wód |
| Celownik (komu? czemu?): | wodzie | wodom |
| Biernik (kogo? co?): | wodę | wody |
| Narzędnik (z kim? z czym?): | wodą | wodami |
| Miejscownik (o kim? o czym?): | wodzie | wodach |
| Wołacz (hej!): | wodo |
↓Fonte.
Studiando il polacco incontriamo 7 declinazioni:
- Nominativo: Mianownik - il soggetto, colui che fa o subisce l'azione
es. il cane corre
- Genitivo: Dopełniacz - il complemento di specificazione (di chi? di che cosa?)
es. la coda del cane
- Accusativo: Celownik - il complemento oggetto (chi? che cosa?)
es. ho visto il cane
- Dativo: Biernik - complemento di termine (a chi? a che cosa?)
es. do un osso al cane
-
Strumentale: Narzędnik - complemento di mezzo, di compagnia (con chi? con che
cosa?), oppure il nome o aggettivo che sta assieme al verbo essere
(essere chi? che cosa?)
es. gioco con il cane
es. è un cane
-
Locativo: Miejscownik - complemento di stato in luogo - (dove? in quale luogo?),
oppure complemento di argomento (di che cosa? riguardo a che cosa?)
es. c'è una pulce nel cane
es.
parlo della crisi (in questo caso non è che la crisi possiede qualcosa -
come nel genitivo - ma la crisi è l'argomento di cui parlo)
- Vocativo: Wołaca - si usa raramente per rivolgersi a qualcuno
es. o cane!
Visto che il suo uso è limitato alle preghiere come "o Santa Maria" e alle parlate antiquate, non lo studieremo.
__________
 |
| dziewzynka |
- Mia dziewczynka / dziewczynki; D dziewczynki / dziewczynek; C
dziewczynce / dziewczynkom; B dziewczynkę / dziewczynki; N dziewczynką /
dziewczynkami; Mie dziewczynce / dziewczynkach; W dziewczynko /
dziewczynki.
Ja jestem kobietą: I am a woman.She eats an apple: ona je jabłko.
A woman is eating: kobieta je.
A girl is eating: dziewczynka je.
Mężczyzna pije mleko i wodę: the man is drinking milk and water.
A boy is eating an apple: chłopiec je jabłko.
A man is eating an apple: człowiek je jabłko.
A woman is eating: kobieta je.
A girl is eating: dziewczynka je.
A man is eating an apple: mężcyzna je jabłko.
A woman is eating: kobieta je.
RIPASSO: 1 -
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GRAMMATICA: Tips and notes.
Welcome to the Polish for English course!
These Tips & Notes contain an overview of the concepts introduced
in the skill. Studying them will give you a better understanding of the
way Polish language works.
Before starting, please know one crucial thing. Despite what you may have heard, Polish DOES NOT have a free word order. It has a relatively free word order. That means that some word orders will be correct and natural, some will be 'technically not wrong, but weird', some will only suit poetry and songs, and some will simply be wrong.
In general, the new and most important piece of information lands at the end of the Polish sentence. This makes certain word orders 'technically not wrong, but weird' - some things are just a lot less likely to be stressed than others.
Another thing that the beginners often get wrong: the special character ł (capital: Ł) is a variant of L, not of T. We highly recommend using all special characters, as they are simply different letters with different pronunciation, but if you decide to not do that, please don't try writing "chtopiec" or "jabtko" with a T.
Before starting, please know one crucial thing. Despite what you may have heard, Polish DOES NOT have a free word order. It has a relatively free word order. That means that some word orders will be correct and natural, some will be 'technically not wrong, but weird', some will only suit poetry and songs, and some will simply be wrong.
In general, the new and most important piece of information lands at the end of the Polish sentence. This makes certain word orders 'technically not wrong, but weird' - some things are just a lot less likely to be stressed than others.
Another thing that the beginners often get wrong: the special character ł (capital: Ł) is a variant of L, not of T. We highly recommend using all special characters, as they are simply different letters with different pronunciation, but if you decide to not do that, please don't try writing "chtopiec" or "jabtko" with a T.
Nouns: Grammatical cases
Being an inflected language, Polish has seven grammatical cases. Pronouns, nouns and their accompanying adjectives take different forms that indicate their role in the sentence.
Most of the nouns you are going to encounter in this skill are in the Nominative case (shortened as Nom.) This “basic” case is used when the noun is the subject of the sentence – the entity that is doing something. A noun in the Nominative does not have any special ending, as it is the most basic form of the word.
Polish cases are so essential that it is often impossible to form a simple phrase without the use of cases other than the Nominative. Still, Polish people should still be able to understand you even if you happen to use a word in the incorrect case. Do not get discouraged and remember that practice makes perfect – the more you interact with the language, the better your grammar will be.
In these initial lessons you may sometimes stumble upon nouns in the Instrumental or Accusative. For now, you should be able to form basic sentences with the help of the hints attached to particular words. In the following skills we will gradually introduce you to the rules governing Polish declension.
Most of the nouns you are going to encounter in this skill are in the Nominative case (shortened as Nom.) This “basic” case is used when the noun is the subject of the sentence – the entity that is doing something. A noun in the Nominative does not have any special ending, as it is the most basic form of the word.
Polish cases are so essential that it is often impossible to form a simple phrase without the use of cases other than the Nominative. Still, Polish people should still be able to understand you even if you happen to use a word in the incorrect case. Do not get discouraged and remember that practice makes perfect – the more you interact with the language, the better your grammar will be.
In these initial lessons you may sometimes stumble upon nouns in the Instrumental or Accusative. For now, you should be able to form basic sentences with the help of the hints attached to particular words. In the following skills we will gradually introduce you to the rules governing Polish declension.
Verbs: Present Tense
Polish verbs have three basic tenses for indicating past, present and future.
There are some quirks to this, but we will deal with them much later.
At first, you will be only using Present Tense verb forms.
Polish verbs conjugate – they take various forms depending on the person performing the action. The first few skills will teach you the basic rules of Polish conjugation.
Unlike in English, there is no distinction between Present Simple and Present Continuous verbs at the basic level (He drinks. vs. He is drinking.). Both English variants are translated into Polish exactly the same way (in this case: On pije.)
When translating from English, please remember not to make the relatively common mistake of treating the Present Continuous construction as two separate verbs. "He is drinking" has just one verb, you cannot translate it as "On jest pije", which would basically mean the same as "He is he drinks".
There are some exceptions (Present Simple and Present Continuous being translated into completely different Polish verbs), but almost all of them are Verbs of Motion and will be discussed later in this course.
Polish verbs conjugate – they take various forms depending on the person performing the action. The first few skills will teach you the basic rules of Polish conjugation.
Unlike in English, there is no distinction between Present Simple and Present Continuous verbs at the basic level (He drinks. vs. He is drinking.). Both English variants are translated into Polish exactly the same way (in this case: On pije.)
When translating from English, please remember not to make the relatively common mistake of treating the Present Continuous construction as two separate verbs. "He is drinking" has just one verb, you cannot translate it as "On jest pije", which would basically mean the same as "He is he drinks".
There are some exceptions (Present Simple and Present Continuous being translated into completely different Polish verbs), but almost all of them are Verbs of Motion and will be discussed later in this course.
Articles
Polish does not have any articles. Nonetheless, when
translating from Polish, you have to remember to form correct English
sentences. It is not acceptable to skip articles if it results in the
English sentence being ungrammatical – “He is boy” is not going to be
accepted.
ESERCIZI:
 |
| chłopiec |
31. Ja jem jabłuko. I am eating an apple. - 32. Chłopiec. A boy. - 33. On, he. - 34. Ja piję. I drink. - 35. On je chleb. He eats bread. - 36. Milk and bread. Mleko i chleb. - 37. Kobieta je. A woman is eating. - 38. I am eating an apple. Jem jabłko. - 39. He is drinking milk. On pije mleko. - 40. On pije wodę: he drinks water. - 41. Ja jem: I eat. - 42. On jest: he is. - 43. Chleb: bread. - 44. Ja piję: I am drinking. - 45. Jem: I eat. - 46. Jestem mężczyzna: I am a man. - 47. Ona pije wodę: She is drinking water. - 48. On jest mężczyzną: he is a man. - 49. Piję wodę I jem chleb: I am drinking and eating bread. - 50. Dziewczynka: girl. - 51. Chłopiec: boy. - 52. Ona jest kobietą: she is a woman. -
A boy: chłopiec.
A gir lis eating an apple: Dziewczinka je jabłko.
Mleko i chleb: milk and bread.
I am a man: jestem mężczyzną.
I am drinking: piję.
On jest: he is.
Jestem mężczyzną: I am a man.
I drink water and eat bread: piję wodę i jem chleb.
Piję wodę I jem chleb: I am drinking and I am eating bread.
Mleko I chleb: milk and bread.
Ona: she.
On: He.
Mężczyzna: man.
Jabłko: apple.
I am a boy: Jestem chłopakiem.
Jestem dziewczynką: I am a girl.
Jestem kobietą: I am a woman.
On jest: he is.
Ona pije wodę: she is drinking water.
Ja jestem chłopcem: I am a boy.
Jabłko: the apple.
On: he.
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