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Pronouns and Conjugation
Here is a table containing all Polish pronouns, along with examples of their use:
Note how verbs conjugate when the pronoun changes. Present tense verb forms for on, ona and ono are always identical.
Ono is rarely used – mostly when referring to children when their gender is not specified.
| English Pronoun | Polish Pronoun | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | ja | Ja lubię mleko — I like milk. |
| you (singular) | ty | Ty lubisz mleko. — You like milk. |
| he | on | On lubi mleko. — He likes milk. |
| she | ona | Ona lubi mleko. — She likes milk. |
| it | ono | Ono lubi mleko. — It likes milk. |
| we | my | My lubimy mleko. — We like milk. |
| you (plural) | wy | Wy lubicie mleko — You like milk. |
| they (only groups of people including a male) | oni | Oni lubią mleko. — They like milk. |
| they (all other groups) | one | One lubią mleko. — They like milk. |
Ono is rarely used – mostly when referring to children when their gender is not specified.
Oni and one
Oni and one are both translated as they. However, they are used in different contexts.
Oni is used to refer to all groups that contain at least one male person. In other words, both all-male and mixed male and female groups are referred to as oni.
One is used to refer to all groups that do not contain any male persons. Therefore, groups of female persons, groups of neuter persons and groups containing both female and neuter persons are referred to as one.
You always use “one” when referring to groups of children, animals or objects. However, if “oni” is used, it must denote a group of people.
Oni is used to refer to all groups that contain at least one male person. In other words, both all-male and mixed male and female groups are referred to as oni.
One is used to refer to all groups that do not contain any male persons. Therefore, groups of female persons, groups of neuter persons and groups containing both female and neuter persons are referred to as one.
You always use “one” when referring to groups of children, animals or objects. However, if “oni” is used, it must denote a group of people.
Omitting pronouns
In Polish, a sentence where the pronoun has been omitted is still perfectly grammatical.
When talking about yourself, you usually skip the ja pronoun, unless you want to emphasize something. The same goes for all 1st and 2nd person pronouns.
This is because of the way conjugation works. The verb forms used with 1st and 2nd person pronouns are unique for these pronouns. Even if you omit the pronoun, the verb still reveals who is the person performing the action, so there is no need to mention it explicitly.
However, omitting 3rd person pronouns may not always be appropriate. Generally, you only skip them if the context makes it clear who you are referring to.
As there are separate 3rd person pronouns for different genders, they contain information about the gender of the subject that cannot be in any way deduced from the form of the verb.
Consequently, 3rd person pronouns cannot be ommited in sentences where the gender of the pronoun is used to differentiate between subjects, such as On je jabłko, a ona je chleb (He is eating an apple and she is eating bread).
When talking about yourself, you usually skip the ja pronoun, unless you want to emphasize something. The same goes for all 1st and 2nd person pronouns.
This is because of the way conjugation works. The verb forms used with 1st and 2nd person pronouns are unique for these pronouns. Even if you omit the pronoun, the verb still reveals who is the person performing the action, so there is no need to mention it explicitly.
However, omitting 3rd person pronouns may not always be appropriate. Generally, you only skip them if the context makes it clear who you are referring to.
As there are separate 3rd person pronouns for different genders, they contain information about the gender of the subject that cannot be in any way deduced from the form of the verb.
Consequently, 3rd person pronouns cannot be ommited in sentences where the gender of the pronoun is used to differentiate between subjects, such as On je jabłko, a ona je chleb (He is eating an apple and she is eating bread).
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